How Did The Scientific Thinking Evolve Since The Beginning Of Tim

Why all of this ? Why do we have all of this ? And why do we do what we all are doing ? Why do we stick our noses into everything ? We live our lives with an inexistent purpose; and even if there is one, we have not got any acknowledgement of it for now, but i’m pretty sure that there is not any. As the nihilist philosopher Emil Cioran said: “By all evidence we are in the world to do nothing.” The real purpose for life is what we make everyday by our hands, thoughts, and actions; as well as our questions. These are questions without specific answers, that we keep asking all the time. They are not about just one topic, but about everything we see, hear and feel that surround us, literally everything.

Curiosity is a quality that defines humanity. Curiosity is the starving for knowledge that we humans possess as an instinct of our own nature. Since the beginning of intelligent life, the humans have been questioning about things around them. They started creating and inventing myths and stories as a way to explain life and phenomenons. They were hasty and impatient to know, so having an explanation satisfied their curiosity. But, why not be patient enough to explore and discover the truth and facts? Nowadays scientists are trying to find the truth in a lot of the scientific fields. They make thousands and thousands of hypothetical theories which based on mathematical facts but without any experimental evidence to support their assumptions because they are so excited about the answer to the question that has been spinning inside their heads for decades.

Our minds has gone as far as it can, from the universe, the planets, the stars, and everything that moves or orbits around us in the sky. And it has gone as near and close but yet too far from us as possible. Cells, atoms, particles, what our eyes can not even see. We have put our explanations about it in the most perfect way that we could ever have in the history of humanity. And i’m telling you, if there was a contest between us and other intelligent life about the best explanation, I bet we would win!.

If we traced human history we would notice two opposite qualities about human nature, which are curiosity and, as I like calling it “Ego that has fallen in love with stupidity.” As we see over the ages, if we trace the scientific history, we would find people whose visions had changed our present reality, but they were considered stupid at their time, and others thought that these ideas were just bunch of foolish talk. And that is because of the fear that these ideas caused, which was led by the human ego that exists in every single person.

Now, in the present time with all of our technology and advanced sciences, there are still some people who have this problem, also at this time we are faced with a really huge problem, which is The Global Warming that is going to cause the extinction of the human race in the near future, unless we consider it as a serious problem and make some solutions. Because some of us even don’t know what The Global Warming is, one of the major solutions is to educate people about this problem. The solution is not just in somebody’s hands, but in everybody’s hands.

The Solar System that Copernicus drew in his book and it shows the sun in the centre and the Earth is circling it in the third orbit.

For those who watched the great movie “Interstellar”, it’s a story that includes some sort of the same thing as reality, this movie’s story is about humans having a lack in food and that is going to kill them soon, but at the same time they have “in somewhere” a very high advanced technology that takes them to other universe, out of our universe, a different universe. Also, as we can see, that is caused by the ego and stupidity of humans. The idea is obvious in this movie which is showing the amount of stupidity that humans own sometimes.

But sometimes we see some humans “and i’m using humans instead of people because I think it’s more aggressive” refuse to accept the truth and prefer to believe in some myths that came from their imaginations and minds even if the truth was in front of them. That is because humans feel close and more rational when they choose to believe in things that are more simple and came from their own minds. And they were able to invent these myths by some of first observations that they were able to do, they see that what their brains came up with is much convenient than the truth that seems to be difficult to grasp and understand. So they choose to believe in something they invented, to be in the same level with their thinking levels.

I have to point out the good side of this nature. The British writer Karen Armstrong in her book “A Short History Of Myths” she described that the human mind came up with these myths and stories to believe in them. In order to do so, they needed to use their imagination to come up with all of that, and we used the same mind and the same imagination to reach what we’ve reached now from technology to science and that due to the good side that the human nature has ever since.

Karen Armstrong has wrote in her book and I quote: “We are meaning-seeking creatures. Dogs, as far as we know, do not agonise about the canine condition, worry about the plight of dogs in other parts of the world, or try to see their lives from a different perspective. But human beings fall easily into despair, and from the very beginning we invented stories that enabled us to place our place lives in a larger setting, that revealed an underlying pattern, and gave us a sense that, against all the depressing and chaotic evidence to the contrary, life had meaning and value”. This quotation had described exactly what I am trying to say.

In one of the Syrian writer, Georges Tarabichi’s books “I translate” “Heresies: About democracy, secularism, novelty, and the arabic resistant” he talked about an article for the Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud in 1917 named “Une Difficulte’ De La Psychanalyse”. This article was about the ego nature of humans and what did it face over the centuries. He spoke about what is called “The Wounds.” See dear reader, humanity had faced three wounds caused by science, and when I say science, I mean the facts which were placed directly into the chest of the human ego.

The first one is caused by the polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus when he, in the year of 1543, published his book “De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium” which means in English “On The Revolutions Of The Celestial Spheres,” this book had shocked the beliefs of people back then. And it was about our solar system. At that time, there was a believe that the planet, Earth, is in the center of the universe and everything is orbiting around it, where the church had adopted this believe and anyone who says the opposite was considered as heretics and will be burned to death. In his book, he showed that the Earth is not in the center of the universe, but it is just an ordinary planet that orbits around an ordinary star. That is called “The Cosmic Wound.”

The second is what’s called “The Biological Wound,” and that was caused by the naturalist Charles Darwin, when he came up with his theory of evolution which describes our evolution from a simple creatures over the years to a more complicated creatures: Humans. And it was a strong hit, because people, at that time have always pictured themselves as a holy creatures and they have been designed on the picture of God, it was a killing hit for “The God Human”. Darwin’s theory has destroyed this believe under the real scientific facts, which have showed that the origin of humans are related with animals.

The third wound is caused by Sigmund Freud himself and it was called “The Psychological Wound.” Freud had showed and explained that human’s choices and actions are not made by a conscious thinking or awareness but they are made by an unconscious thinking which the human cannot control. These three wounds have faced the other nature of humans and these wounds were produced by the other nature which is curiosity. It is like the two natures battling out inside of the human. In my opinion, these three wounds could be considered as the three major victories of our curiosity and passion over our ego and stupidity.

Life has been all about striving. Since the first humans started questioning about everything around them. And by their strive, human race got to where they are now, what we did and now doing is all the result of our strive through life. The strive is not just in one particular thing, but in fact in everything, physically and mentally.

The process of coming up with new ideas which sometimes lead to an invention could be summarized by: first the human starts questioning, which mean a process starts going on in his brain in order to formulate a question. Then the human starts a mind strive to get to the answer for that question, then he get the answer, after it, the human tries to apply it on life. That’s how human invented fire, wheel, writing, telegraph, phones, and everything. Because they questioned and needed to question.

This topic reminded me of one of the Sumerian epics, one of the famous and old ones, it is The Epic Of Gilgamesh. Summer was one of the earliest civilizations in the history of the world, along with the Akkadian, Assyrian and the old Egyptian. This specific epic handle the topic of the human striving very well. It takes under consider the subjects of death and eternity, two of the most complicated topics in these days.

Gilgamesh, as the historians think, is an old king of the city of Uruk or Ur (as now called) and it is now located in the southern of Iraq. He ruled this city between 2700 and 2500 B.C. As the myth says, Gilgamesh is half a god, and half a human. He was cruel and tough with his people, and the people suffered under his ruling. So the gods created for him Enkidu to stop this suffering. They created him just like Gilgamesh.

In that time, Gilgamesh rules were very strict, and he thought that he is able to do everything he wants. He even invented a law that says, in marriages, Gilgamesh should sleep with the bride before the groom does. At that time, Enkidu was getting married, and Gilgamesh came to sleep with the bride, but Enkidu blocked his way and the two men got into a fight, then they just stopped, and became best friends. Some historians argue that Enkidu was much less than a friend, he was much like a servant for Gilgamesh.

The main idea of the story in the epic started by a question asked by Gilgamesh himself, when he saw a lot of people around him are dying, he asked “Is there some way that can make me live forever?” the strong king of Uruk became afraid of death. So he decided to make a journey, seeking for eternity. The eternity that Gilgamesh seeked is not the physical eternity, but the immortalization of his name after his death.

An Assyrian statue for Gilgamesh in the Louvre museum in France, showing Gilgamesh holding a lion in a hand, and a whip in the other.

So he began his journey, and took with him Enkidu, he and his friend suffered a lot during their journey. He went first to what is called “The Land Of The Livings,” to seek for his answer. In one of the original mud plates that the epic was written on, Gilgamesh praying and begging for the god of sun “Auto” can be seen, and I quote (I translate):

Gilgamesh prying:

“Auto. I am about to enter The Land Of The Livings, so be my ally

I am about to enter the land of the harvested rice, so be my ally”

Auto answered him:

“You are a very noble warrior. But what’s your purpose in this land?”

“Auto, I am telling you something, I hope you listen to me

and I am talking you, I hope you listen to me

In my city, the man dies with a broken heart

the man perishes with a sad heart.

I take a look over the bridge,

and I see the dead bodies floating above the river

and I see myself as being one of them”.

This particular text has a lot of literature significance, and it also contains a very wonderful idea about the human pettiness, if we complete the text:

Gilgamesh completes:

human is no matter what, won’t get the sky, and is no matter what, won’t cover the whole land,

the end and the prize didn’t come with the final fate, yet.

I am going to enter the land of the livings, and immortalize my name there

In the places where names have raised i’m gonna rise my name there

In the places where no names have raised i'm gonna rise the names of gods”.

Then Auto accepted his tears,

And as a man of mercy he showed his mercy

And gave him seven titans, brothers from one mom

The first ( ...this line is missing…)

The second, a poisoned snake which (.. missing..)

The third, a dragon which (.. missing..)

The fourth, a burning fire which (..missing..)

The fifth, the giant snake that take off hearts and (..missing..)

The sixth, the destroying float, that drawns

The seventh, the bright lightning, the nothing can stop it.

In this text we can find a lot of meaningful lines, there are several philosophical meanings hidden behind them. Then the journey continues, Gilgamesh takes these seven titans with Enkidu and heads to the rice forest, to kill the monster “Huwawa” and introduces it as a sacrifice to the gods.

A mud plate showing Gilgamesh and Enkidu killing the monster Huwawa. These plates were found in the great library of Ashur-Banipal which took place around the seventeenth century B.C

Then their journey continues. During their journey, one of the goddesses, Anana, finds a tree of Hulupp in the river, she picks it up and plants it in the city of Uruk, in her holy garden. The tree grows and becomes big and fertile. Then this tree was attacked by a giant snake that took its bottom and makes it its house, then the zoo bird landed on its top and built a nest for himself, and Lilith came at last, the demon of the wasteland, and took the middle of the tree, Anana couldn’t come close to the tree. So she complained to her brother Auto, Gilgamesh heard her complaint and came to rescue her. once he heard her, he put his heavy shield, and carried his axe, and fought against the giant snake at first, he killed it. Then when the bird saw what happened to the snake, he ran away, also Lilith returned to her place. Then Gilgamesh cut the tree and gave it to Anana, and she made out of them a chair and a coach, and made for him two musical instruments, as a reward for what he did, one from the tree’s bottom, named it “Baku” and the other from its top, named it “Maku”.

After a while, the two instruments fall into the downworld, and he became very sad because he lost them. He said sadly and I quote (I translate):

My Baku, who is gonna bring you back from the downworld

And my Maku, who is gonna bring you from the downworld.

Enkidu, his loyal friend heard his complaint, he replied him :

Why are you crying, my lord? why your heart is hurt?

Your Baku, I will bring it back

And your Maku, I will bring it back

So before Enkidu went down to the down world to get back the two instruments, Gilgamesh gave him some advice and taught him how to behave in that place. But Enkidu ignored his instructions and got caught by “The Down World Scream” that takes the souls. Gilgamesh got very sad, and devastated because his loyal friend has gone. Then he went to ask the gods to return him his friend, and the god Enki heard him, and allowed him seeing just the ghost of Enkidu. When gilgamesh saw Enkidu’s ghost, he started asking him about the downworld. Enkidu answered all of Gilgamesh’s questions one by one. We can see that in one of the original plates, and I quote (I translate):

(Enkidu): Have you seen the dead that his body was left in nowhere?

(Gilgamesh): Yes I have seen.

(Enkidu): His soul never found a rest in the down world.

Have you seen the dead that nobody cares about?

(Gilgamesh): Yes I have seen.

(Enkidu): He eats dirt and garbage from the streets.

Then Enkidu returned to the downworld.

There is a great point here. As we saw Gilgamesh, he didn’t ask Enkidu how are you, or how it’s going on, he asked him about what is in the down world, this text is showing the curious nature of humans, and also we have to remember that Gilgamesh is half human and half god, plus the whole story is showing Gilgamesh as this unique guy, that seeks for answers for the most complicated questions, but actually every single human is like Gilgamesh, the story absolutely is showing the nature of humans detailed. It takes the side of Friendship, which is the relationship with his friend Enkidu, that is one, second, Love, when he fought for the goddess Anana and saved her tree, third, Ego, which is at the begging of the story when he was the king of Uruk, when he ruled very strict.

Then at the end, Gilgamesh died, as the researchers understood, that before Gilgamesh dies, he fought against death, then the god Enlil came to him and convinced him that this is the end for every single man, then Gilgamesh accepted himself as being dead, and he just let it go, heading to the down world.

The epic of Gilgamesh may be considered as one of the oldest and greatest written stories of all time. This story shows how the old human have always had questioned about something. In the case of Gilgamesh, the question was about death and eternity. Also, the epic shows what the human really is, in particular, the human nature. As we saw, Gilgamesh sometimes was showing off, and sometimes we saw him as a loving and a humble friend. Which showed a lot of contrasts in the nature of humans, as I explained in the introduction before.

The epic of Gilgamesh has always been one of my favourite stories since I was a little kid, till now. This story carries a lot of meanings and symbolisms between its lines. Plus it was written with a religious idea, as we saw the gods characters in it. So, in my own opinion, it is a story that combien between the ideas of religion and science, because Gilgamesh (if we took it more further) wasn’t convinced with the answers of religion, but he preferred to seek the answers by himself, even if the way was difficult. And that does not mean he got rid of religion, but instead he asked the help of the gods during his journey. What really distinguishes this story from other stories is that the story’s heroes are human, not gods, and gods are just like subcontractors, they have been put in the background of the story, that is what makes it more powerful and realistic. Also its aim is to show what is the human like, what is the human’s behaviour, not about how gods look like.

Now, after I talked about the half human and half god strive, i’m going to talk about the real human strive as the title of the essay suggests. The earliest civilizations were started particularly in Mesopotamia and Egypt. But the Mesopotamian civilizations “and I mean Summer, Assyria, Babylon and Akkad” they had a huge influence on the next eras that lasted until now. Mesopotamia, simply means “The Land Between The Rivers” and the rivers are Tigris and Euphrates that still exist until now in Iraq. The first civilized community was born there, and my favourite community, or era, so to speak, is The Babylonian Era.

In this section I am going to talk very briefly about the early humans’ ideas that were invented about the creation, how the universe and life were created, and I’d like to divide the stories into four different stories or myths which came with their own civilizations in history. The first is the Sumerian myth which came with its own sumerian civilization, then the second one is the Babylonian creation myth which is the most famous one between them and also called “The Enuma Elish” was created in the great city of Babylon, the third is the Canaanite myth also came with its own civilization, where this one wasn’t in Mesopotamia but it considered one of the influential civilizations through history and they had really great creation myth , then the last is the story of the Torah, the Bible, or the Quran which are all the same in the three biggest religions in our present time, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Let's start first with the Sumerian Myth about how life was created, and it is very close to the scientific facts on how life was born on Earth, I was really shocked when I first read it!. The Sumerian civilization was the first civilization who invented writing, and the first handwriting was called “The Cuneiform Writing” which all of their stories, laws, rules, and memories were written using this handwriting on mud plates, that’s how we know about their stories and how they lived. Actually, The Epic Of Gilgamesh that i talked about before was written by using this handwriting on a mud plates. The human there started to really think and write his own ideas and kept it safe so he can read his own ideas written from his own briane. This was a huge leap in the life of the human beings.

The Sumerian creation myth simply says the following: At the beginning there was only one single goddess that started everything, named “Nemo,” she was the water, which everything came out of it. This goddess brought a boy and a girl, named “Ann,” and he is the god of heaven, and “Kee” the goddess of earth, and they were stuck into each others, unseparate. Then Ann married Kee and gave a birth to “Enlil” the god of air, and he was stuck between them and cannot move, so he, by using his super power, threw his parents into different sides so he can be free, he threw his father into the sky, and that’s how the sky was created, and threw his mother into the ground, and that’s how the earth was created, and he was the air that exists between them.

After a while Enlil was in a total dark, so he wanted some light, he created “Nana” the god of the moon, to shine some light on the skies and earth. Nana was feeling a little bit incapable of doing his job, giving light everyday, so he created “Auto” the god of sun which gave him light during the night, then after all that, when the life atmosphere was settled, humans and animals were created. I should hint here that we saw the god Auto before when I was talking about the epic of Gilgamesh, and how he helped Gilgamesh during his journey.

This myth look much more like the real scientific facts, if we analyzed the story. The text says that at the beginning there was just one goddess which is the water, and that is true, the whole earth was covered by only water then everything was created after, then the ground was made and a lot of volcanoes came from the bottom giving a lot of gases, which then made the sky, and the air came after all that to fill the space between the sky and the ground. As we saw in the story the sun and the moon were created right after earth, for the moon it’s true scientifically because after the earth was settled and its gravitational force was set right, the moon came and kept orbiting around it, but the sun part was wrong, the sun is the first object that was created in the solar system and then the planets were created around it. After all the conditions that allow life on earth were put perfectly from the sun warmth and oxygen, simply, life was created!

The Sumerian myth of creation extended to many and different sides of creation, it gave a reason for everything that have been created, and one of the deep and controversial matters was explained by the sumerian myth which is, why humans were created by gods? where its answer is really the same in the three biggest religions, that shows the real nature of humans, which always wanted to believe in what they have created, because they see it more reasonable, and that the humans were created to be servants for the gods and they were made on their pictures, as a matter of fact, humans were not made on the gods’ picture or gods were made on the humans picture, they were made of mud mixed with water, where they chose mud and water as ingredients because these both are the most available materials on earth, and they were the first things that were created at the beginning by gods. They also used to create their things from mud and water, actually all the things that they used are made of mud, the wheel, writing plates, pots and a lot of different things.

This myth looks much more like an old Philippines myth which is really fascinating and I like it because I think it is a little bit funny, it says, god made the shapes of humans and he put them in an oven so they can be finished and created. He put them and went to do something else and got late for his art, he found them burned, that is how the black people were created, then he wanted to make another package and put them again in an oven, again he got late but much more earlier, and that is how the brown people were created, at the third time he decided to stay while cooking his work so he can catch up his work in time and that is how the white people were created. This story is an answer for why humans have different skin colors.

Now the second creation myth, the Babylonian myth. This myth which called also “The Enuma Elish.” It’s great as much as the Epic Of Gilgamesh with the beauty and the details that are carried between its lines, it was written 7th B.C.E. The Enuma Elish, basically, means “When On Heights,” because at the heights there was nothing, but there was only water embodied in three characters: Abzu, Tiamat, and Mummu. Abzu is the god of the freshwater, Tiamat is the goddess of the salty water, and Mummu is the waves of the first water, the freshwater.

These three combinations were the first of everything, the whole universe came out of them, then by sleeping with each other, two new gods were born for Tiamat and Abzu, “Lakhmo” and “Lakahmo” and they brought “Anshar” and “Keshar.” After a long while Anshar and Keshar brought “Anu” that became the god of the sky. Anu also gave birth to “Anki” or “Ea.” Where later on he became the god of wisdom, then he took over the freshwater. He became so powerful that he even could defeat his fathers.

At the beginning of all of that, the goddess Tiamat was calm and tolerate , but because of the births, she got angry and wanted to revenge, even her husband Abzu told her to get rid of all the new gods that they created. She said and I quote (I translate):

They talked about their god sons

Abzu opened his mouth, saying to Tiamat in a loudly voice

Their behaviours became harmful to me

At morning I can’t rest, and at night I can’t sleep

I am going to destroy them, and put an end for their doings

Then calmness will come, and finally we can sleep

When Tiamat heard that she got pissed off and screamed at her husband

Kept her anger inside and said:

“Why would you destroy the ones that we gave them life?

Their behaviours are harmful indeed, but let us take the things more careful”.

These last two lines showed the mother behaviour that any mother would do, but later Tiamat got really angry and she couldn’t take it anymore. So her husband woke up and decided to kill them all. But the young gods heard of Abzu’s plane, and told their leader Ea. Ea made a magical circle around his friends to protect them. He also cursed Abzu and made him sleep to kill him. He took over his place, and became the god of freshwater. And also made Mummu, the god of waves, his dog dragging him wherever he goes.

After awhile, the great god “Marduk” was born, the one and the only god who saved the gods from the last god of the three “Tiamat”. Tiamat wanted to revenge for her husband’s death, so she gathered a lot of gods that stood with her side and a lot of monsters, for once and all, to kill all the new gods. At that time, all the gods were scared and afraid of Tiamat, even their biggest one “Anshar”. But Marduk was the only one who volunteered to kill Tiamat, but first he wanted them to give him whatever he wanted, and they did, so he became the ultimate god.

Tiamat got married to a second god named “Kingu,” she put him in charge of her awful army. The battle started between Marduk and Tiamat, Marduk got winds to fight with him and he carried an arrow and a net, they met and Marduk grabbed her by his net, she opened her mouth to eat him, but he put an arrow into her heart and ripped it off, she died. Then Marduk killed her husband, Kingu. After all that, he carried Tiamat body and split it into two halves, one half created the sky with it, and the other created the earth, he created the universe. Also he took Kingu’s blood and made from it humans, by mixing it with a little mud. When all the creation process was over, the gods celebrated the great victory of Marduk, and built Babylon city, where they built a house for Marduk up in the sky.

If we analyze, this myth we would find that it has some real meanings lying behind it. When Tiamat said to her husband to not kill who we created and gave life to, is a hint at the motherhood, and then they killed her and created from her everything, that points out to the human when he/she grows and stops depending on the parents to be self dependent, this psychological behaviour does exist deep inside the human nature since the earliest civilizations.

Now let us talk about the third myth in the human history. The Canaanite creation myth, the Canaanite creation myth is considered the origin of the greek myths. If we make a comparison between the both, we would find a lot of similarities, where they used the natural events as an action of a certain god, where the greek myth is the most famous one between them all, but in fact the first one who used such a myth to represent the natural phenomenons was the Canaanites.

Briefly, the Canaanite creation myth has the god El as their greatest god and everyone worships him. And there was also the god of the rian “Baal”, he has a unique connection between his humans because he had life in his hands, a life to give it to them. Besides Baal there was the god of death “Mut” who was in an eternal fight with Baal. El has a wife named “Asherah” that represented the sea, and Baal also has a wife named “Ona” that represented the universal filtrity. The great thing about this myth, the canaanite creation myth, so to speak, is that it connects between the real life by its nature and the myth story, because when the gods are in a bad mood or they had a fight that affect the nature of the universe, which may lead to a total destruction to it.

The myth continues, a big fight happens between two gods which after it, the action of creating had occurred. The fight was between Baal the god of filtrity as we saw before, and the god Yam the god of the sea and the son of El. The god Yam wanted Baal to be one of his servants because Baal has a very powerful power and one of the strongest gods, but Baal didn’t want to, so he went to the gods group asking for their protection but even them could not provide a protection for him, because Yam was so powerful and strong. Yam’s father was the leader of this group so he replied for Yam’s request and I quote (I translate):

Let Baal be your servant prince Yam

Let Ball be a servant for you forever

The son of Dagon let him be your prisoner

At that time Baal got crazy and he jumped to take his weapons to kill the messengers that Yam sent. But his wife Ona caught him and stopped him from doing that because the rules say that you must not harm the messengers. Then the story continues by most of the gods joining Baal, telling him and pushing him to take over Yam. Then Baal go through a fight with Yam ending by Baal winning and becoming the head god of the all. After he won, he built himself a house, and was free to organize the universe.

The god Baal as pictured by the Canaanite civilization, this is an old piece found in Palestine.

But then his wife Ona gets angry and decides to kill every living thing for an unknown reason, as known from this myth that this goddess has two different faces, one is good and that is the goddess of sex and filtrity, and the other is evil and terrifying and that is the goddess of war. She is also the sister of the god Yam and the daughter of the great god El. In a day, she flew fast and in a hurry to her husband house, and he sees her before she comes and sends her a group of women to welcome her and kills a bull for her and makes a party, and because of that nature start flushing and animals starts reproducing.

We see here that all the stories are similar to each other, not only the stories that I mentioned before, but in fact all the stories in all over the world, even the Abrahamic religions’ stories have some parts that are the same with the Sumerian and Babylonian and Canaanite myths. They are similar because the human thinking is all the same, the human nature, so to speak, is united regardless of the civilization that the myth was created in. Seeking for answers for our questions that are made by our curious nature is what all of our minds share.

Now I am going to talk a little bit about the Bible creation story, which still exists until now, embodied in the three biggest religions in the world. The story of how the idea of the Abrahamic religions started and formed by three big movements, the first is when God told Abraham to immigrant from Ur in mesopotamia and settle down in Plastaine, where God gave him all the documents of the new religion and what he had to do. The second one with Jacob, the grandson of Abraham, when he went to renew the documents that he gave to Abraham, and the third one is with Mouses in Egypt during the time of Pharaohs, where he had to run, together with his followers from the Pharaoh. These three movements have shaped the new religion and put its basics which will be the source of all the other religions in the present time that will take their ideas from. By these movements, Judaism have been formed owning its own rituals and concepts with a new creation story.

According to the Bible creation story, that exists in the three Abrahamic religions in the world now, God created the whole universe in just six days, each day of these days has something created in it. At the beginning, there was nothing but water, just an absolute water. Then God decides to create light, when he created it he saw that the light is so good that he makes with it the days by placing light at the morning and dark at night. Then he decides on the first day to cover the ground with something, so he created the sky. On the second day he says let the water be gathered in one place so the land could show up. On the third day, he imagined that the land would be more sophisticated with some green and plants so he puts them and plant them in the land, then the plants by themself started to produce baby plants and become more. Then on the fourth day, he loved creating some decorations for the sky, so he created the stars and the planets in the space. On the fifth day, he thought of creating the animals specifically fish and birds, fish to swim in the sea and birds to fly in the skies. After all of this, on the sixth day, on the last day, he came up with an idea of creating a living thing on his picture and called it “human,” he does that beside animals. He creates the first human from mud and water just like the stories we talked about before in this book. He puts him in heaven and names him “Adam” the first human ever. Then he puts for him all the kinds of animals, trees and fruits, and also Apples or “The Tree Of Knowledge”. After this, he creates for him a woman from his ribs. After a while, God orders Adam and his wife “Eve” to never get close to the tree of knowledge, but they ate from it anyways, drived by the seduction of the devil. They get punished by sending them to the earth, and from them humanity was created. This story is pretty much the same with the three religions, but there are some little differences between each religion for sure.

Now I would like to talk a little bit about a very good example for the strive of knowledge, which is different than the others that we talked about before. It is one of the Norsemen myths and to be more accurate “The Vikings.” The Vikings are a group of the Norsemen people, who went into a journey and sailed away because of the conditions they had in their place, which was so cold and poor. They lived in what is called now Scandinavia, and the Vikings sailed to different countries, where they inhabited them. They went to Britain, parts of Europe, France, Sicily, and North America.

In short, their myth about how the universe was created can be summarized by the following story: At the beginning, there was nothing but Ginnungagap, which was the first ever creator or the source that the universe came out of, and it was full of chaos and randomness of silence and darkness that made the elemental fire Muspelheim and the elemental ice Niflheim.

Muspelheim and Niflheim were flowing into each other until they ran into each other in Ginnungagap. When they met the fire Muspelheim melted the ice Niflheim and form the water drips, Ymir, which was created, and he was the first of the giants. The only good thing that Ymir could come with is his sweat that can produce more giants, and that is how the giants clan were made.

After a while of the water dripping, a cow called Audhumbla was created, she fed the giant Ymir with her milk, and she was also getting fed from the melting ice by salt licks. Her salty licks created Buri, one of the Aesir tribe gods. Then Buri brought a son named Bor, his child Bor got married with Bestla who was the daughter of one of the giants, Bolthorn. Now, the main character in the Norsemen mythology comes, Odin, the son of Bestla and Bor the half god and half giant with two other brothers Vili and Ve. Odin, Vili, and Ve killed the giant Ymir and built the world from his dead body. They made from his blood the oceans, and from his skin they made the soil, his hair made vegetations, from his brain the clouds were made, and the sky was made from his skull. His skull was lifted by four dwarves so it can be held above the ground, then the gods decided to create humans, so they created a man and a woman, Ask and Embla by two tree trunks and they put for them a fence to protect them from the giants in a place named Midgard (Earth), while the gods lived in a place called Asgard.

In fact, this mythological story is pretty much similar to the other myths that we talked before in this book, when they made the first human and woman. It is exactly the same with the Abrahamic religion story, when God made Adam and Eve. That actually a superb proof for the equality of the human nature throughout the history, that tells us the curious nature that is mixed with stupidity, is the same for each different civilization. It is the human nature to invent and put answers for his questions, and some of the answers or the stories are quite the same because the human mind’s way of thinking is the same.

The family tree of the Norsemen Gods

One of the weirdest properties of humanity is the contradiction that has, which still exists until now, and it also reflects its nature really well. As we saw before, that from the myths and the stories that we looked at, human mind always had been seeking for answers and explanations about what is going on around it, all of them had the same questions and got the same mythological answers but the way they got to them was different from each other. And that is actually one of the strength points of humanity, it is the diversity that got us all of these answers. It is true that we live on one planet, that has its own resources, but if we took a deeper look into our lives, we would see a lot of different languages spoken, a lot of different histories, and a lot of different ways of thinking. This had opened a very large door for humanity to jump not only one step but an entire stairs.

The human mind is so strong and brave enough to ask a very hard questions about deeper things, questions that will never get answered, and actually they play a huge part of our everyday life, they give us the motivation to wake up everyday, they are the humanity’s goals, they give us the passion to live and work. The English physicist Brian Cox once said: “I’m comfortable with the unknown - that’s the point of science. There are places out there, that we know nothing about. And the fact that we know nothing about them excites me, and I want to go out and find out about them. And that’s what science is.”

Then the journey of science begins.